Deprecated: Function get_magic_quotes_gpc() is deprecated in /home/mdocsski/public_html/ssmp.skidmore.edu/bootstrap.php on line 127
15 40 764 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/fa66e39cd7c7a2aeca7f3caf726918d0.pdf f4f7bfd9646935bcada18cc143395ee2 PDF Text Text Pensions are Not Enough: The Individual Company and Its Older Workers Author(s): Edwin Shields Hewitt Source: The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Apr., 1951), pp. 127-140 Published by: University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349911 Accessed: 01-11-2015 14:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH: THE INDIVIDUAL COMPANY AND ITS OLDER WORKERS EDWIN SHIELDS HEWITT AND ASSOCIATES" SOME employers have provided of society of a policy of retirementat age who a pension plan for their employees consider that they have met the problemof their older workers.Actually, in the light of present knowledge of the individual needs of older workersand of the implications of an aging population fromthe viewpointof both the individual company and the economy as a whole, private pension systems should be considered as merely one approach to the problemof older workersin industry. CHANGING POLICIES ABOUT RETIREMENT I930-50 Ourthinkingabout the problemof the aged has undergoneconsiderablechange within the last two decades. Because of the changing age distribution of the population and the growing percentage of the population over sixty-five, considerable thought has been directed to the problem of the older worker.During the decade of the thirties wide-scaleunemploymentled to agitation for compulsory retirement of workersat age sixtyfive as a device for making room for younger workers. The enactment of a national system of compulsory old age insurance and a supplementaryfederalstate program of old age assistance for the needy aged gave promiseof a partial solution of the problem of financial insecurity for those over sixty-five. The desirability from the viewpoint sixty-five or even earlierand the advantages to the individual worker of a period of well-earned rest and leisure were generallyaccepted. It was assumed that the availability of old age benefits would give each worker an opportunity to choose between continuingto work or retiring from the labor force. It was expected that, given such a choice, most workerswould prefer to retire.2Such an expectation was, of course, based upon the assumption that old age benefits would be sufficient for the support of aged workers. The war years, with changedeconomic conditions, brought modificationsin attitudes and practiceswith respect to the employment of older workers and the policy of compulsory retirement. Manpowershortagesopenedthe door to older workers. Industry, which had for some time discriminated against olderworkers, now hired older persons and urged retired workersto return to the job. Many older persons who had stopped work gladly applied for new jobs or returned to their old jobs. During the war years, because of the restrictionson wage increases,becauseof tax incentives, and because profitable business made it easier for those selling pension plans to convince employers of their desirability, many employers established pension plans. In the postwar period many of the by This reportwas prepared the staff of Edwin older persons who were employed were Shields Hewitt and Associates of Chicago, indeI 2 William H. Stead, "Trendsof Employment pendentanalystsand actuaries,underthe direction in recently Relation to the Problemsof the Aging," Journal of Sydney B. Scoville, directorof research, Universityof Chicago. assistantprofessor, of Gerontology,IV (October, I949), 294. I27 This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I28 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS reluctant to retire, and the high level of economic activity made it possible for many of them to remain productively active. Even with an economy operating at peak levels, however, many older workers wereunableto find employment. This situation, along with the rise in prices and the consequent minimization of the real benefits provided by the old age insuranceprogram,led to increased pressurefor enacting amendmentswhich would provide more substantial old age insurancebenefits and, in the absence of such amendments,to increasedpressure for private pension plans to supplement social insurance. The acceptance by certajn strong labor unions of pension benefitsas a presumablynoninflationary economic gain and the decision of the National Labor Relations Board requiring employers to bargain collectively on pensions and benefit plans accelerated the trend toward the establishment of retirementplans. In the meantime the medical profession had turnedits attention to the growing problem of chronicillness and physical and mental impairment among the aged. Psychiatrists, interested in the mental health of the aged, saw clearly the severe emotional stress induced by premature retirement and the possible disastrouseffects upon the individual of compulsoryretirement. Social workers, in daily contact- with aged persons in financial need or with emotional difficulties, were concerned about the need for individualizedtreatment of the aged. Psychologistsstressed the need for using the conceptsof physiologicaland psychologicalage ratherthan chronological age, as a basis for hiring, retaining, and retiringworkers. Threemajorquestionswere repeatedly raised: (i) the effects of compulsoryretirement upon aged persons who were psychologically unprepared for retirement; (2) the growing economic burden of the support of the aged whether throughsocial insurance,private pension plans, or other means; (3) the effect upon society and the economy of the lost productivity of many workers forced or encouraged to retire at sixty-five or before. A growing body of knowledge based upon medical research concerning the physicaland mental problemsof the aged has changed long-standing concepts about the desirability of retirement for all those who reach a designatedchronological age. Growing concern about the economic as well as the personal effects of compulsoryretirementhas led to considerableexaminationof the problemand to attempts to enact legislation to prevent discriminationagainst the aged in employment. One of the most active groups interested in the problem, the New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problemsof the Aging, in its I949 report noted five basic shortcomingsin current employment practices concerning the aged:3 Wide-scale prejudice againsthiring workers overforty-five of 2. Compulsory retirement workersat sixtyfive withoutregardto their ability to work, need to work,or desireto work facilities in govern3. Lack of job-counseling mentorindustry 4. Inadequacyof existing industrialpension plans which sometimesthwart the employmentof the elderly,fail to providesufficient sumsto coverthe cost of living, and provide little protection the oldperson for whowishes to changeemployment beforeretirement age workin 5. Lackof job analysisor classification into industryto fit elderlyworkers jobs they can do profitably i. 3New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problemsof the Aging, NeverToo Old (Legislative Doc. No. 32 [I949]), p. I3. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH Some of the reasons given by employers for their failure to hire older workersdo not stand up under examination, as they have no basis in fact or are basedupon exaggeratedor unusualsituations. Some of the reasons for failure to hire older workersfollow. ratesgo up i. Workmen's compensation are whenelderlyworkers employed.-This belief has no basis in fact, since age does not enter into the determination of workmen's compensation rates. In the main, rates are determined by the relative hazardsof the industry and the accident experience of the individual company. The formula for determining the premiumrate does not considerthe type of personnelinvolved, nor does the insurance contract say anything about the age of the workersemployed. 2. Older workersare subject to higher otherworkers. accidentratesand endanger -As a matter of fact, accidentfrequency rates tend to declinewith advancingage. Although older workers are involved in fewer accidents, the duration of the period of disability tends to increase with age. Thus the accidents sufferedby older workers,while less frequent,are likely to be more severe, and the healing process is slower. According to Dr. Nathan W. Shock: "The diminished accident rate for older workersmore than counterbalances this longer healing period so that, in general, it may be concluded that older men have proved less expensive from the standpointof accidentcost than younger men."4One survey in this area, made by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics during the war, showed that disabling injuries (those involving a permanent impairment or disability for work for at least one -full shift) occurred 4 Nathan W. Shock, "Older People and Their Potentialities for Gainful Employment," Journal II of Gerontology, (April, I947), 99-IOO. I29 slightly less frequently among workers over fifty than among those under fifty, while handicappinginjuries (those which usually requireonly first aid) were much less common at age fifty and over than in the younger age groups. Once injured, however, older workers generally took longer to heal.5 3. Elderly workers cannot produce so much as younger workers and are not so profitable.-Nathan W. Shock, in discussing the alleged reducedproductivity of older workers,states: Since there are few occupations in which a substantial number of workers are employed on work of equal difficulty, the speed of which is governed by the worker himself and for which individual production records are available, it is almost impossible to determine the role of age in industrial output. However, on the basis of our physiologic knowledge, it seems probable that work output may diminish in older workers. Hence it is important than an educational program be instituted which will make it possible to place the older worker in positions where speed is of lesser importance.6 Ewan Clague, the United States commissioner of labor statistics, lists reducedmuscularstrength, slowerreflexes, decreasedkeenness of sight and hearing, and various chronic disabilities as the most obvioussourceof difficultyfaced by older workers because of physiological aging. He adds, however, that the extent of physical impairmentis exaggerated in popular thinking: Many of the physical changes associated with age not only tend to occur more slowly than we once supposed, but also interfere less than 5 Max D. Kossoris, "Absenteeism and Injury Experience of Older Workers," Monthly Labor Review, LXVII (July, 1948), I7-I8; gee also Ewan Clague, "Some Industrial Aspects of Aging" (address before the tenth annual Congress on Industrial Health, sponsored by the Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Association, New York, February 2I, I950), p. 8. 6 Shock, op. cit., pp. 99-I00. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I30 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS we would expect with performance on the job. There is evidence, for example, that experience on a given job often tends to maintain the particular kind of vision that the job demands after other visual functions become impaired. Moreover, . . . many an oldster has keener hearing and better vision than an average man twenty or more years his junior.7 Claguebelievesthat the often mentioned psychologicalaccompanimentsof aging, such as reduction in learningspeed, lessened adaptability to new ways of doing things, and the tendency to become unco-operative in ordinary working relationships, are also often overestimated.8 there is a generalfailureto Furthermore, that many older workersexunderstand cel in jobs requiringlong training, experience, knowledge, and skill and have positive qualities of dependability,judgment, and loyalty. Accordingto Thomas C. Desmond, the chairman of the New York committee, the older worker has four basic advantages over the younger which employee.He has moreexperience, motions; he is less ineliminateswasted clined toward outside distractions;he is more conscientious because of his long service and mature attitudes; he appreciates his workmore and tries harderbecause he has more at stake than the neweryounger employee.9In many jobs at the professionaland manageriallevel, maturity is an asset. This is also true in many of the skilled crafts and in certain types of service jobs where reliability is especially important.'0Thus in factory production,where speed is often an importantfactor, the older workermay not be able to hold his own on an assembly I Clague, op. cit., p. 7. 8Ibid. 9 Thomas C. Desmond, "Industry Needs the Older Workers," in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. 96. IO Clague, op. cit., p. 8. line. On the other hand, among professional people, the older worker may be very successfulbecause of his experience and maturity. Ewan Clague points out that it is between these two extremes, in the vast numbers of intermediate situations, that prejudiceand misinformation appear as serious complications in the older worker's employment problems." 4. It is unprofitableto invest in the training of older workersbecauseof the short work-life-expectancy.With increasing life-expectancy, many persons over fifty-five or sixty have a considerable number of years ahead of them in which they will be well able to continue as productiveworkers.The man of sixtyfive has an expectancy of over a decade more of life before him. 5. Thereis an increasedlaborturnover among older workers.-Actually, the reverse of this is true. The increasein stability of older workersis of considerable importance to industry, since the training of new employees is often very expensive. 6. Thereis increased absenteeism among older workers.-In the population as a whole, there is more illness among older persons than among younger. On the other hand, in a survey made during the war by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of absenteeismrates by age groupsin manufacturingindustries,there was very little variation in the absenteeism rates because of illness. However, older workers tend to be absent from work for a longer period of time because of illness than do younger workers. There is less absenteeism attributable to causes other than illness among older workers.The survey showedthat the absenteeismrates for all reasons (illness and others) were lowest in the fifty-five to fifty-nine age group II Ibid. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH and that, while workers over sixty-five had a slightly higher rate than those of fifty-fiveto fifty-nine, they lost much less working time than did workers in their teens and twenties and somewhat less than those in their thirties and forties.12 7. The public prefers youngerworkers in jobs requiringpublic contacts,such as waitresses, clerks, office workers, salesmen.-This is a commonbelief, but there is no conclusiveevidence to prove or disprove it. 8. Pension systems make it difficultto hire older workers.-It is alleged that undermany of the pension plans paying flat monthly sums at retirement, employers who hire older workers face a heavier future pension liability. It is also argued that companies hesitate to hire workers for short spans of time, for example, from fifty-five to sixty-five, since this would be insufficient time to accumulate money in the pensionfund to pay suchworkersreasonableretirementbenefits. As a matter of fact, most pensionplans do not operate against the hiringof older workers. First, many pension plans do not pay flat monthly benefits, but vary the benefits with years of service. Thus older workers hired for short spans of time would rece'ivesmall benefits. Second, some pension plans exclude shortservice workers, that is, they require a mininum numberof years of service for eligibility for benefits. Third, some plans contain a maximumage provisionso that workershired when older than the maximum age are ineligible for inclusion in the plan. Fourth, in some plans with no specific exclusion of older or of shortservice workers, the company will have no pension liability for such workers, since the benefit formula provides for a t2 op. Kossoris, Cit., p. I7; see also Clague, op. cit. I31 companypension less social security and the company pension for short-service workersis so small that it is completely or largely offset by the social security benefit. Thus there are several ways to adjust a pensionplan formulaso that the hiring of older workersdoes not place an undue burden upon employers. ADEQUATE RETIREMENT BENEFITS What does all this mean as far as the individual company and its interest in its older workers is concerned? In the, first place, if older workers are to be treated as individuals, they should be allowed to exercise some choice between retiring and remainingproductive members of society. Furthermore,if management is to manage, it must have the right to determine what constitutes an effective working force. Both selections, to be free choices, depend upon the existence of adequateretirementbenefitsso that retirement does not constitute a drastic cut in standards of living. It is contemplatedthat old age benefitsunder the Social Security Act will provide a minimum of subsistence for all retired workers. To the extent that social security benefits do not provide adequate income, adequacy will be achieved only if supplementary benefits are provided throughprivate plans. FLEXIBLE RETIREM1ENT AGE In the second place, the pension plan adopted should preferably not require retirementfor all workersat a fixed, arbitrary age, such as sixty-five, since there in differences the rate are wide indivridual and degreeof aging. Selectionof the time for retirement should be determined as nearlyas possibleby inability to continue as a productive worker. This is impossible to establish in advance for indi- This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I32 THE JOURNALOF BUSINESS viduals, but the span of time during which such a condition is most likely to occurfor a groupis predictable. One of several alternatives for introducingflexibilityin retirementplans may be chosen. For example, a pension plan may provide for a normalretirementage with optional earlierretirementpossible. The normalretirementage may be set at sixty-five, sixty-eight, or seventy. Factors influencingthe choice of an age later than sixty-five are the larger benefits whichmay be providedat later ages; the fact that a later normalretirementage is more acceptable, since, with increased longevity,workersare reluctantto retire; and the fact that a retirementage can be lowered more easily than it can be raised. A provision permitting optional earlierretirement at any time after age sixty furnishes some latitude for recognizing individual differences.Benefits at an earlier age can be provided without increasingthe liability of the plan, but in such cases benefitsmay be reducedto 50 per cent or less of what would have been paid at normal retirement. A second possibility is to permit employees to retire over a span of years (such as from sixty to seventy) with benefitsbased on years of service at the time of retirement. Such a span recognizes individual differencesand is more practicaland useful than is a fixed retirement age. An employee continuingat his regularjob beyond the youngest age at which he is eligible to retire would increasethe ultimate pension benefitshe is to receive.The plan may provide that no largerbenefitsare earnedbeyond a limiting age, such as seventy, and that an employeemay continue his employment beyondthat age only with the employer's consent.Such a provisionassists the company in maintaininga certain amount of control over the maximum retirement age. Since the span of years selected will in part determinethe ages at which most retirementsoccur, the employer'sability to meet the liability produced as well as individualdifferences must be considered in establishingsuch an age range. A third possibility is to provide for a span of years over which employees can retire but provide for full benefits in event of retirement in the early part of the span, such as ages sixty to sixty-five, only with the company's consent and permit no increased benefits for years workedbeyond sixty-five. In the absence of a compulsory retirement provision and in considerationof the currenttrend to keep workersproductive,many workers actually retire later than age sixtyfive. Therefore, the funds released because of retirement after sixty-five can in many cases be used to provide the increased cost of the earlier retirements. Even though the total of all provisions for a worker's retirement, including his own accumulationsfor pension benefits and his benefitsfrom social security,may be adequate to make a workerself-sufficient during his period of retirement, it is important in the effective operation of a flexible retirement system that the level of pensions remain such that continuation on the pay roll continues to be more attractive than retirement at a reduced level of company and social security benefit. From the standpoint of the funding of a pension system, it is, of course, uneconomical to fund for an earlier retirement age than will be called for by actual retirements. While it is possible to establish in advance an expected rate of retirement under such a system providing for a variableretirementage, funding in future years will be governed by revision of this rate according to the experience of the system. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH SELECTIVE PLACEMENT OF OLDER WORKERS A company which realizesthat a fixed retirement age does not conform to the realities of individual differencesamong its older workers will provide for some flexibility in its retirementpolicy and in the retirementage of its pensionplan. In addition, such a company will be interested in other aspects of dealing with its olderworkers,such as the selectiveplacement of older workers, the selection of workersfor retirement,and the preparation of workersfor retirement. In a survey conducted by the National Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers among large and small companies of many types, it was found that a considerableproportionof the companieshired and retainedolderworkersand that most of these companiesreportedfavorablyon the job performance of older workers. However, proper selection of older workersand carefuljob-placementmethods were emphasizedas highly important if companies are to enjoy the greatest success with the employment of older workers.13 I33 who are not so productive as formerly can continue at the same job only at reduced pay. For some of this group, adjustments may be made, such as a less rigid schedule of attendance or hours or a change in responsibility or type of work. A third group of workerscan better be transferred to a new job more suitable to their capacities, for which they may need some training.Such a job may be at the same or at reduced pay. Dr. Nathan Shock comments that the success in developingpersonnelselection at the intake side of industryleads one to regard with optimism the prospect of developing similar techniques for selection in retirement.'5 The proper placement of the older workerrequiresan evaluationof his experience, skills, and physical capacities in relation to the demands of the job. The first step in the adequate utilization of the potentialities of older workers for gainful employment should be careful and complete job analysis. Jobs should be analyzed as to the skills required to performthem and with respect to factors such as speed, energy requirements,fatigue effects, judgment, and experience.'6 Aging produces certain changes, such as sensory impairment and reduced speed of reaction.Thus olderworkersshouldbe placed in jobs in which these factors are of minimal importance. According to WilliamH. Stead, industry shoulde-valuate its jobs in an effort to fit its aging workersinto positions that would be advantageous both to industry and to the Dr. Edward Stieglitz states that basing retirement upon chronologic age alone results in a double source of waste by discarding workers who are physiologically younger than their years and by making obligatory the retention of many workers who have become senile prematurely.'4Some workers at sixtyfive can continue at their regularjob at the same pay and be as productiveor in- workers.'7 creasingly productive. Other workers I5 Dr. Nathan U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Department of Manufacture, Employment of Physically Handicapped and Older Workers (Washington, I949), pp. 5, 20. '4 Edward J. Stieglitz, The Second Forty Years (New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., I946), p. 287. '3 W. Shock, "Physiological Capacities of Elderly Workers," in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, Op. cit., p. I33. I6 Shock, "Older People and Their Potentialities for Gainful Employment," p. ioo. I7 Op. Cit., p. 296. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I34 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS When a man reaches a certain period where Clifford Kuh suggests that there be analysisby the job analyst of the physi- he is not able to produce what he formerly procal and environmentaldemands of par- duced or what the employer wishes him to produce, we allow him to stay in that plant at a ticularjobs.,8 For example, jobs may be lower salary, where he may keep at work doing classified as involving mechanical fac- things which the employer would ordinarily tors, such as lifting, carrying, handling, allot to, say, a semi-skilled worker. We have pushing, climbing, seeing, hearing, etc., a semi-skilled branch in our union for those and environmentalfactors, such as in- who have neither the experience nor the qualifications of a journeyman and their rate of pay side, outside, high temperature, low is about half the rate of pay of a qualified temperature, vibration, noise, working journeyman printer. If the man wishes to realone, working with others, day shift, tain a job and can't quite do the work he used to, we allow him to stay there at that seminight shift, etc. the skills and capacities of skilled rate.20 Next, workers necessary to perform the parWhile seniority is the governing conticularjobs shouldbe determined.Some- sideration in choosing employees to be times a simple matter of re-engineering laid off in most collective bargaining is possible to suit the job to an aged per- agreements,many of these contractsproson. For example, Kuh suggests that, if vide for exemptions from layoff on the a machine operation requires too much basis of seniority. One of the likely expulling, the plant engineercan rearrange emptions is that of efficiencyconsideraor alter the length of the levers to reduce tions. In some contractsseniorityis given the effort required, or if a job requires equal consideration with other factors, too much stooping, the work area may such as ability or skill, experience or be moved nearer to the level of the physical fitness. In a third group of worker'sshoulder.19 job re-engineering agreements, contract provisions state If is impossible,the older workershould be that seniority provisions shall be contransferredto work he can do, with the sidered where other factors are equal. necessary training for the new job pro- Such other factors include differencesin vided. ability and physical fitness.2' The objections of some unions to the Shock suggests that individualtests to of downgrading workersmay present an assess the physiological age of various obstacle to such a practice. Many collec- organ systems must be devised, as well tive bargaining agreements, however, as individual tests for performance affordspecial transferrights for aged or capacity: handicappedpersons. For example, the Because of wide individual differencesin agreement may state that "employees physiologicaging among personsof the same who have given long and faithful service chronologicage, it is essential that tests of and can no longerhandle their duties are physiologicage be developedfor variousorgan to be given preference or consideration systems. It will also be necessary to devise for such lighter work as is available." Charles W. Views Its CharlesW. Campbell,of the New York Elderly Workers,"Campbell, "LaborJoint Legisin New York State TypographicalUnion No. 6, states: lative Committee Problemsof the Aging,op. cit., on 20 p. ioo. 18 CliffordKuh, "Selective Placement of Older Workers," Journal of Gerontology,I Uuly, 3I4. '9Ibid., p. 3I6. I946), 2! Bureauof NationalAffairs,"Seniority, Layoff, Promotion, and Transfer," Collective Bargaining Negotiationsand Contracts,No. I24 (March io, I950), pp. 43-52. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH more adequate methods of health examinations which will permit the early recognition of chronic disease. Methods of assessing performance capacities in individuals need to be developed as well. It is in this area that research is most urgently needed.22 As changes in the worker's abilities and interests make it necessary, the hours, arduousness,and difficultyof the job can be reduced. As Lawton points out, workersshould be placed on a modified schedule when the necessity is proved by tests and by objective standards of working ability, not by a particular birthday or at the employer's whim.23 In order to determine which workers should be retained at the same job and same pay, which need job modification, and which should retire under a flexible retirementplan, severalpossibilitiesmay be considered. In some companies the personnel bureau is used not only to hire and fire workers but to shift them from one type of activity to another. One suggestionmeriting considerationis the establishment within a company of an impartial panel to evaluate older workersperiodicallyfrom the standpoint of health, productivity, emotional attitudes, and personal factors. In accordance with the findings of such a panel, the olderworkercould remainin his present job, be placed in a less arduoustask, be placed on partial pension with shorter hours and a correspondingdecrease in This would constipay, or be retired.24 a more logical approach to retiretute ment than the class approachof throwing into a mass all those sixty-five years I35 of age or over; it would be a case-by-case approach, examining the actual rather than the presumed capacity of men to performtheir jobs adequately.25 ProfessorErnest W. Burgess speaks of an indexof aging, an instrumentdesigned to ascertain the actual process of aging in its physiological, psychological, and social aspects. Physiological aging, he says, would be concerned with organic conditions, such as heart trouble; psychological aging with decline in mental ability; and sociologicalaging with contraction of social activities and interests: The value of this index of aging is obvious. When it has been designed and standardized, retirement could be based on the scientific determination of the physiological, psychological, and social efficiency of the person rather than on the number of years he has lived. Part time work might be assigned also with consideration of functional rather than of chronological age.26 To some employers automatic retirement at a fixed age appears to be easier and kinder than singlingout individuals. William G. Caples questions the advisability of selective retirement on the of recommendation a panel because "one man is judging another man's fitness to work and that can be cruel, if human errorenters in.'27 He argues, in support of a fixedretirementage, that it gives advance notice of the time of retirement and allows a workerto plan accordingly; it prevents favoritism; it avoids grievances; it is an incentive to youngermen; 25Clark Kerr, "Social and Economic ImplicaRetions of Private Pension Plans," Management view, May, I950, p. 297. 26 ErnestW. Burgess,"The Growing Nathan W. Shock, "OlderPeople and Their Problemof p. the Potentialitiesfor GainfulEmployment," I00. Aging," in Clark Tibbits (ed.), Living through 23 George (NewYork: Later Years (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Lawton,AgingSuccessfully 22 Columbia University Press, I946), p. 73. Press, I949), pp. 24HowardRush, "When Are We Too Old To Work?"TownMeeting(TownHall, June I3, I950), P. 5. WilliamG. Caples,"WhenAreWe Too OldTo TownMeeting(Town Hall, June I3, I950), Work?" 22-23. 27 p. I3. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �136 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS it results in general imnprovement the of average productivity of the working force;it avoids the worker'sbeing termed unfit and the consequentloss of prestige with family, fellow-workers, and friends. It may also be arguedthat individualdeterminationsand adjustments are troublesome and may be costly; that possibilities for transfer of workers to other jobs arelimited;28 that compulsoryretirement automaticallyopens up new opportunities for younger persons; that it decreases pay-roll costs and eliminates the worker who is not producing efficiently in an equitable and standard manner.29 Moreover, employers may fear that, under a policy of individual consideration they might be accused by unions and individual employees of favoritism and discrimination.30 It should be noted that compulsory retirement does not always decrease costs; it may add to them by eliminating efficientproducers and substituting untrainedworkersfor trained. Compulsory retirementmay also create considerable ill-will among retiredworkers,especially those who are retiredwhen they are well able to produce as efficientlyas before.3' GeorgeLawton points out that industry spends large sums on technological research and should devote an equal amount to the study of changeswith age in patterns of vocational interest and abilities, problemsof human relations in industrial situations, types of occupa- tions most suitable for older people, and methods of rehabilitation.32 There is great need for researchand experimentation on a company-by-company basis to develop methods for the selection of employees for job transfer and retirement. Objective, measurable factors which could be used to determine which workers should retire, which should be transferred,and which should remainin their formerjobs wouldgreatly simplify the problem. A critical clinical medical examination, including blood pressure, blood counts, chest X-rays, urineanalysis,visual and otologicaltests, would help to measure the individual's physiological age. This could be combined with a measure of factors such as attendance, promptness, accidents, errors, spoilage, reworks,complaints, output, and individual morale, weighted in terms of their relationshipto costs. PREPARATION FOR RETIREMENT Even though retirement is discretionary rather than arbitraryat any definite chronologicalage, for those workerswho retire some preparationis desirable.Dr. Anthony Lanza points out that it is inconsistent to follow an elaborate ritual for conditioning a man for his employment and to give no thought to preparThere is a ing him for his retirement.33 growingbody of opinion that no healthy man should retireuntil he is fit both economically and emotionally to retire. 28 Charles A. Pearce, "Present Employment Emotional acceptanceof retirementmay Statusof OlderWorkers," New YorkState Joint require considerablepreparation.A proin LegislativeCommitteeon Problemsof the Aging, gram for retirementorientation, counselop. cit., p. 4I. ing, and preparation tailored to the 29 New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. i6. 32Lawton, op. cit., p. 98. 33 Anthony J. Lanza, "The Industrial Physician's Role in Geriatrics," in New York State Joint 3INew York State Joint Legislative Committee Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. I6. op. cit., p. I42. 30 Pearce,Op.Cit., p. 4I. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH needs of the individual should be set up in all companies. In some companies organized lecture courses and study groups have been instituted for discussingadjustmentsin old age. Such educational meetings, combined with an informalsocial hour, may lead workers to think as a group about the period of retirement and thus increase their emotional acceptance of it. In other companiesemployees are interviewed some years before the normal retirement date to indicate the date of retirement, the probable amount of the pension, the pension options available, and to discuss possible future plans. Service may be offered in helping the employee find part-time employment if such employmentis essential. The counseling of workers about available positions outside the plant may be of great service to them. Furthermore, many workers, for whom retirement means retrenchment in living expenses, are in need of help with budgetary,investment, and other financial and economic problems. The success of the preparation of the worker for retirement through periodic interviews will depend to a large extent upon the skill of the interviewer in stimulating the workerto think about the problems of retirement. Besides these planned interviews, which are usually the responsibility of the Industrial Relations Department, other opportunitiesmay be offeredfor a discussion of retirement problems. For example, the visits made to the medical department provide opportunities for counseling by the doctors about retirement problems. In any pre-retirenient counseling, emphasis is usually placed upon stimulating the workerto think of retirementas a change in activity rather than as the end of activity. I37 Hobby showsput on by companiesfor all their workershave sometimes been a stimulusto olderworkersto develophobbies which will be of great interest to them in their retired years. Articles on retirement in the house organ, a dinner for the employee at the time of retirement, service clubs for employees with long service records, a diminishingwork load with increasingtime off as the retirement age approaches, and vocational training for a differentkind of work are all used by companiesin their programs designed to prepare workers for retirement. An increasing number of books dealing with the subject of retirement has been publishedwithin the last few years. Most of these offer suggestionsas to the proper use of time during retirement, with emphasisupon planningretirement, including the enjoyment of leisure, hobbies, travel, and new vocational and avocational interests. Many retired workerswill be happiest if they can perform some kind of useful and remunerative activity. For example,an interesting suggestion for the use of the services of retiredofficialsof bankingand industrial concerns is as counselors to small businesses with young and inexperienced owners. Retired officialscould be on call several times a month on a fee basis. Such counselorsmight be very useful to small businessesin procuringbank loans as well as consulting on financial and This wouldpremanagementproblems.34 vent the economic waste of retiring a trained and competent business executive at sixty-five to completeleisure and would provide great satisfaction to the retired official himself. Some sort of 34 Suggestionmade by Philip S. Shoemaker, of Cleveland, cited in Burroughs, Clearing House, July, I950, pp. 6-7. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I38 THE JOURNALOF BUSINESS communityclearinghouse to bringabout substantialreductionor at no cost. Some contacts between the small business and companieshave an annual free picnic or the retiredofficialwould be necessary. dinner for annuitants. Some maintain a service annuitants clubroomin the plant FOLLOW-UP AFTER RETIREMENT for the use of retiredemployees.The proA company which has carefully se- vision of medical service through the lected its workersfor retirement,tried to company medical department and comprepare them for retirement, and pro- pany visiting nurseis still anotherservice vided a pension benefit during retire- sometimesprovrided retiredworkers.35 for ment can perform a still further funcSUMMARY tion. Contact should be maintainedwith In conclusion, an employer who has retiredworkers,who may be encouraged to comein to discuss their problemswith provideda pensionfor his employeesmay counselors,and a representative of the believe that he has adequately disposed industrial relations department may of the problem of the older worker. Acmakeperiodicvisits. In case of economic tually, he has taken only one step in the hardship,aid may be offered to retired solution of this problem. Employers workersin helpingthem locate part-time should make the age of retirement flexjobs or in granting them financialassist- ible and eliminate the barriers within ance. Any company employee notices pensionplans which may operateagainst and company publications may be sent hiring and retaining older workers.Jobs to retiredworkers.Articles on the activi- should be analyzed on an industry basis ties of pensionersmay be includedin the to determine the skills, physical ability, house organ. Letters from company ex- training, and related factors required. ecutives at periodic intervals, informing Objective tests should be devised to dethem of developmentsof interest in the termine the individual worker'sphysioplant, may be sent with the pension logical and psychologicalage, as well as check. Also Christmasletters and letters his productivity. Plans should be estabof congratulationsor sympathy help to lished for transferof olderworkersto less keep alive the association between the demanding jobs, to allow for part-time retiredworkerand the company.Retired employment, and to retrain workersfor workersmay be invited to company get- jobs better suited to their capacities. A togethers which would be of interest to programof pre-retirementcounselingto them, both social affairs and special help workers prepare for retirement meetings of employees for policy an- should be established. There should be follow-up of those workers who have nouncements. Accordingto the interesting survey of retired. Much of this can be effectively companypre-retirement practicesand of accomplishedby industry on a plant-bypracticesin relation to retiredemployees plant basis. The co-operationof governprepared by Socony-VacuumOil Com- ment, of unions, and of the public is pany, some companies have granted needed, however, if the problems of the honorarylife-membershipsin employee older workerare to be solved. 35Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Employee or company clubs and have continued Service Section, Industrial Relations Department, memberships in company musical or Survey of Pre-retirement Practices (New York, dramaticgroups or other activities at a October,I949), p. 8. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH Within the area of government activity, for example, the development of special facilities within the public employment service to care for the vocational needs of older workers would be very helpful. Arnold S. Askin, in discussing the work of the Federation Employment Service, a free nonsectarian guidance and placement agency devoting its primaryattention to personswho are hard to place, suggests that special facilities within the public employment agency might take the form of a special office for older workers or special staff consultants within each public employment office.36 The Sub-committee on Low Income Families of the Joint Committee on the Economic Report recently recommended: The Joint Committee on the Economic Report request the appropriateGovernment agenciesto study the incidenceand extent of existing restrictions employment of older and workersin Government industry,and report to the Committeeon their findingswith may be regardto ways in whichthese barriers to removedand older workersencouraged remainin productiveemployment.37 I39 partment of Laborin this field,.In an address deliveredon December 3, I949, he commentedas follows: The problem calls for a fundamental reexamination of industry practices regarding the hiring and utilization of older workers. Labor unions and the older workers themselves must be willing to cooperate, as many of them have, in the adoption of a more flexible approach towards the shifting of older employees to jobs for which they are more suited. And we, in the Department of Labor, can cooperate too by making available the facts on how these older workers are actually utilized, their productivity, and the types of work they can best perform. We have had a long-standing interest in the employment problem of older workers, and are committed to assembling as much pertinent data as we can, within the limits of our resources.38 On another occasion he said: We, of the Department of Labor, are especially conscious of the need for much more research into the many facets of these problems. There is a great dearth of current and comprehensive data on a number of key points. We need to know more about the actual practices of employers in hiring and separating older workers, and in reassigning superannuated employees. We require more information on the actual work performance of older people. How does the quantity and quality of their work compare with that of younger people? This kind of information for various industries and occupations could indicate the kinds of work for which older persons are best adapted, and least adapted.39 One of the "appropriategovernment agencies" is the Department of Labor, which has recognized its responsibility for research in this area. Ewan Clague, commissionerof labor statistics, in nuIn the area of union activity, there are merous addresses and articles on probaged worker, has spoken of many labor-management agreements lems of the the need for further researchby the De- which protect the aging worker on the job. Seniority rules offer protection to 36 Arnold S. Askin, "Can We Expand Employworkersin some industries.In the buildment of the Elderly? If So, How?" in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of ing trades the union contract may rethe Aging, op. cit., p. II 4. 37U.S. Congress, Senate, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Sub-committee on Low Income Families, Low Income Families and EconomicStability (Senate Doc. No. I46 [8ist Cong., 2d sess.1) (Washington: Government Printing Office, I950), p. I3. 38 Ewan Clague, "The Background of the Pension Problem" (address before the Machinery and Allied Products Institute, Washington, December 3, p. 7. I949), 39 Clague, "Some Industrial Aspects of Aging," p. I0. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I40 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS quire the employment of an older man foreachfive, seven, or ten journeymenon the job. However, as Clague points out, the senioritysystem, which increasesjob securitywhen a workeris employed,may work to his disadvantage when he is unemployedand looking for a job. The desireof employersto care for their own aging workers may freeze out the older personwho no longer has an employer.40 The co-operationof older workers, of private and public agencies, and of specialists in the field is needed to institute 40Ibid., p. 9. the necessary research in this area and to develop a comprehensiveprogram to meet the needs of older workers. Public education as to the strengths and potentialities of older workersis essential. Certainly, the problem is nation-wide in scope, and its solution goes beyond the efforts of any individual company or union and requires the co-ordinated efforts of all groups in the community. It may well be, however,that the individual company has the basic role to play in contributingto the solution of this pressing and highly significantproblem. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Edwin Shields Hewitt, "Pensions are Not Enough: The Individual Company and Its Older Workers," The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Apr., 1951), pp. 127-140. University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349911 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data journal article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pensions are not enough Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/630e3fdb58f9cb2a3ae29de63b077d77.jpeg 61022fb04fc703b4e89fd8f299c4c715 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Opening of the New Senior Citizen's Center at 162 Circular STreet -1959 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/071fe49d2b5bf2ac12500636ff4fba02.pdf fcd7d193336f7bb772f2111747199582 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dedication program held at new center for Senior Citizens Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 2, 1979 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/20b9f9e6c7413a867afeea71d3695b9c.jpeg ea5486f0deb5742dcdbaa6d72cb6d9a3 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/0421657ff77f46e94823386f4194b6ad.jpeg 6a1620145fd8183b17839848f7979cad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Program, dedication ceremony] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1, 1979 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/c49dbb072141af24218a6b3f7d9950f1.jpeg 782e950e96bb90d3e58edcce072ce7b0 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/c014441b308b698696029cf70a01ad3b.jpeg 3cc9a12274426a940d08f28e96a1ea94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [INVITATION, Dedication, 162 Williams Street] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1, 1979 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/804135e7847757767553a136e9104fb3.pdf 2919801f4a205373ec6c137ae1a5ba3f PDF Text Text � https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/046127e9012dce472e2b0c142d595aff.pdf a8d90cf65d9625aa917fb905ddada219 PDF Text Text � https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/8a8e2b07aab3e9215774d05e88102d89.pdf dfaccd8e4208a81faaf5e922d93ad1dc PDF Text Text �� https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/55187f1a938b3b5f2872122734105243.jpeg c46781bdaedcd977d8c51e8ad3cb551e https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/d8c33dfb7aa8211ca9c496835394ad80.jpeg 456bd6bb2f984dc9a993932f70075cf2 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/5da79e524f39720a8ed6a0855aff6932.jpeg 9cadc018ce141d41e929b0a8fb5278d4 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/5502469ad1171ffdd4492fac7ed0e917.jpeg 95d66161d51656529662fb7a9b42ac49 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/cdefbc66a18fc3972c61cf839df95e7f.jpeg 2ef61c628b6c93add839a30ea8b5ef2a https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/8c7bb4e689540eb42217eb29a8ff05db.jpeg 16aa755fe38fef322ea53fb1eda42a3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Senior Citizens Center Inc. Welcome Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 1961 "before 1963" Description An account of the resource This early 1960's brochure welcomes seniors to the center and answers some key questions: Who can and should belong? What is it? How is it organized? What does it do? how does it work? How is it financed? Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/7437b181795cfadd84b7869eeef59663.jpg 96bfce2a4cb777266a17e6e84a676d30 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/5b2eeca5b8533577225eff1e9ef097da.png 660b3c639f0236f0f4db6d1ed3151e73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photograph Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 27/05/2017 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1980s 2000s Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1980 2000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Intergenerational support for seniors] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 2000 Description An account of the resource Two photographs from the Saratoga senior center's collection which showcase young adults providing technical advice to seniors. In the first image, a young map engages with an image. In the second, seniors and helpers are seated at computers. Language A language of the resource english https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/ce52ebe2e26e7553bf97a969294cdc9b.jpeg 97a38691a144d84e36dc663873ba1d77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Seniors kick up their heels Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Saratogian Description An account of the resource An article about seniors' fitness and participation in a cabaret show. https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/4cd2b5182b7a5e2715555f2e9532676f.jpg ddb8f78ef65c4f8fbf97e35839eafde8 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/291d6988b7d8c5aa3b56379a9700a728.jpg 16c6e3406953c18bf61b707523c8806b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Local senior services in demand Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Saratogian Description An account of the resource An article describing hte growing number of senior citizens in Saratoga County. The article incidcates that the over 65 population in tghe county grew by 11.7 percent (1990-1997) , more than the 7.9 percent growth across all age groups. By 1997, there were 21,036 people older than 65 in Saratoga County, with 9,137 older than 75 and 2,204 older than 85. According to center director Sylvia Newcomb, longevity only partially explains growing interest in the center. Some comes from people moving to the county. The article also indicates that many older women, who never drove, are unlikely to reach out for help or to express interest in the center. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/f5e32f86bfa631e25c7694f932bc4df7.jpeg 5bd076fa6aa47b6b88e38d0edcde5d05 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/1a2a3b01be51a212e1136c2f671278cf.jpg 87dd014c9d9205f4cdb3b01de9889f09 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/ce121d32bc34f4da2a6f15d8636d2a62.jpg 65681770967cb82045104879fd9ae964 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/dbadd5d6ecf75132ba425602e49aa724.jpg 2c9ed8c2728876c95a5448ff1926aef6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photograph Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 26/05/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Groundbreaking of the 5 Williams Street Center] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Description An account of the resource A selection of photographs and newspaper article clippings in the Center's collections related to breaking ground on the new center. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/864701d1f919814c8bec7a760db1689b.jpg abb00ad3a63863ec9ca22f4409156006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tentative Senior Citizens Site Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15/02/1976 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Saratogian Description An account of the resource A plan of the plot of land acquired at the corner of Williams and Hamilton Streets for the Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga. The text reads "This area, adjacent to the St. Peter's Academy playground, has been designated as a possible location for a new Saratoga Springs Senior Citiens Center. The key below the diagram explains the various parcels of land which would be affected by construction fo a new center. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/48aa44301c6dec830316a51cc8034131.jpg c627d85d77b66793b977128acb699295 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource '[Aerial view of 5 Williams Street, new senior center] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/875938905655ea3b19113256965d68ac.jpg dc5e78cc92d59ce93cfa47ec78350ce3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A dream comes true for Senior Citizens Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15/12/1978 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Description An account of the resource An article describing the dedication of the new senior center at 5 Williams Street "this morning." It notes that this is a 'working example of a community helping its residents to help themselves..." and sees the center as 'timely and worthwile Christmas gift for the entire city. Among the offerings in the new building, a new hoome for the Economic Opportunity Council's dining facilities, and a victory for the Saratoga Springs Communtiy Development program. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/38b67415105e4e3baa59400e8d376f5a.jpg 365437d80509ede854c2990184fc6d04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photograph still image Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 16/06/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Photo with Minne Vokes] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950s https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/c1b9b220b170971be44c76b11d43caa4.jpeg 3682d8e952924179cc4fadf4aed909c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data newspaper article still image text Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 16/06/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Senior Center] Fifth Anniversary Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Saratogian Description An account of the resource A photo with caption depicting the fifth anniversary of the Senior Center Language A language of the resource eng Abstract A summary of the resource. Caption reads: The Saratoga Springs Senior Citizens Center, Inc., was the scene of an anniversary celebration Tuesday night when members observed the founding of the Center five years ago. Lighting candles on the anniversary cake, left to right are: Robert B. HOrsfield, whose interest in the Center has developed from the Golden Age Club which preceded it; Mrs. Arthur m. Vokes, executive director of the Center, and William L. Owen, another member of the original Golden Age Club, who is vicepresident of the board of directors of the Center. The Musicians Union provided music through the transcription fund. Birthdays of several members were also recognized. https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/10525a5747d721ce044e0cb567d01ee5.jpg bfe48e80128f16d0d99d4b8b794819f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data b/w photograph Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 16/06/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Seniors at 162 Circular Street] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 ca. https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/a7a1b321b87f27c208770bebbd7d089f.jpeg 664993c0c06ce14ebe6ab02eb996fb86 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/b8770621fe0442763776abe4e3f5a459.pdf a00f61d6d8983776f821f69e759e04ea PDF Text Text Public Servlc~ ..-t;SATORDA'?; ~ As We See it- What~ Your Reaction? I '-- Aid for Our Seniors \ GOVERNOR HARRIMAN'S order creating an interdepartmental committee and his appointment of a special assistant are a couple of steps in the direction of an orderly approach to the problems of our state's aging citizens. The assistant, a former assistant U. S. Secretary of Labor, is directed to formulate programs. The committee appears to be the kind of group the State Joint Legislative Committee had in mind. In its 1953 report of a five-year exhaustive study of elderly citizens' problems, the first made by any state, the legislative group recommended an interdepartmental advisory committee to achieve "a team approach among ~he various departments dealing with problems of the aged." Also recommended then was a statewide citizens' committee on the aged to be a "watchdog on· state programs for the elderly." . Now, speakiag in the same vein, the Governor says lt is necessary that various departments and agencies coordinate their activities. To that end his new assistant wilt head up a committee to include state officials. And so the Desmond committee can take satisfaction in early evidences that the Harriman administration intends to carry out a program for strengthening the selfrespect and dignity of 1,400,000 elderly citizens of the state. Here is a field in which both parties can work side by side, Speaking for themselves are the economic needs of our senior citizens: 30 percent of the state's families whose heads are 65 or over have incomes of less than $1,000 a year; 77 percent of the people 65 or over who live outside family circles have less than $1,000 in income. Crying out as clearly for a constructive program are the breaking spirits and damaged morale of our neighbors in the sunset years. These are needs to which society cannot close its eyes. This is a problem in which politics can have no part. I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document I Aid for Our Seniors I \ GOVERNOR HARRIMAN'S order creating an interdepartmental committee and his appointment of a special assistant are a couple of steps in the direction of an orderly approach to the problems of our state's aging citizens. The assistant, a former assistant U. S. Secretary of Labor, is directed to formulate programs. The committee appears to be the kind of group the State Joint Legislative Committee had in mind. In its 1953 report of a five-year exhaustive study of elderly citizens' problems, the first made by any state, the legislative group recommended an interdepartmental advisory committee to achieve "a team approach among ~he various departments dealing with problems of the aged." Also '-- recommended then was a statewide citizens' committee on the aged to be a "watchdog on· state programs for the elderly." . Now, speakiag in the same vein, the Governor says lt is necessary that various departments and agencies coordinate their activities. To that end his new assistant wilt head up a committee to include state officials. And so the Desmond committee can take satisfaction in early evidences that the Harriman administration intends to carry out a program for strengthening the selfrespect and dignity of 1,400,000 elderly citizens of the state. Here is a field in which both parties can work side by side, Speaking for themselves are the economic needs of our senior citizens: 30 percent of the state's families whose heads are 65 or over have incomes of less than $1,000 a year; 77 percent of the people 65 or over who live outside family circles have less than $1,000 in income. Crying out as clearly for a constructive program are the breaking spirits and damaged morale of our neighbors in the sunset years. These are needs to which society cannot close its eyes. This is a problem in which politics can have no part. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data newspaper article Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. An editorial from the Saratogian under "Public Service: As we see it -- what's your reaction? " that describes a new interdepartmental committee and special assistant created to address the issue of aging in New York State by Governor Harriman. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Aid for our Seniors" Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 19, 1955 19/3/1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Saratogian Description An account of the resource On the <a href="http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%25201955%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%25201955%2520-%25200853.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D230aecbe%26DocId%3D7400603%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D15%26hits%3Dd%2B1d%2B20%2B22%2Bda%2Bc2c%2Bc4b%2Bca0%2Bd1f%2Bd45%2B1488%2B1491%2B1571%2B1575%2B157a%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&amp;uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%25201955%2FSaratoga%2520Springs%2520NY%2520Saratogian%25201955%2520-%25200853.pdf&amp;xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D230aecbe%26DocId%3D7400603%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D15%26hits%3Dd%2B1d%2B20%2B22%2Bda%2Bc2c%2Bc4b%2Bca0%2Bd1f%2Bd45%2B1488%2B1491%2B1571%2B1575%2B157a%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&amp;openFirstHlPage=false" title="March 19, 1955 Editorial Page of the Saratogian newspaper, Fulton County History">editorial page of the March 19, 1955 Saratogian</a> Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/20c3d7207332ad4e204c9c00f6bbed17.pdf 401fc6e6ab4d919e1355504da70b7aec PDF Text Text Senior Center 60th Anniversary Rebecca, Phoebe, Natasha, Tracey, Eli �Overview of our Documentary ● History of the Center ○ Leadership ○ National historical context ● Present day at the center ○ Interviews ○ Connecting then and now ■ ie. activities, events, dinners, trips ● Future for the center; what do the next 60 years look like? �History ● ● ● ● Founding of the Golden Age Club in 1955 Moving of center from the former Veteran’s center or Presbyterian church to current location ○ Construction, physical changes to the center itself National historical context ○ Older Americans Act in 1965→ pressure to better provide for older citizens Executive Directors ○ Hogan→ Vokes→ Davis → Celeste �The picture on the left shows the opening of the Center’s first building in 1959. On the right, a group of members stand on the steps of the Center a year after it opened. Edna Hogan, the executive Director of the Center, is present. �Mrs. Vokes Unfortunately, we haven’t yet found any photos of Mrs. Vokes, but we have found some articles and other documents that lend insight about her role at the Center as executive director. In an article from 1969, Mrs. Arthur Vokes, or Marjorie Vokes is described as: “Happy to meet there any county residents over 50 who are interested in a vital purposeful organization, with no yearly dues, with classes, trips, and food at cost, and with a hearty welcome for all”, showing her compassion for her work. An article from January 1968 cited: “A group from salem visited the club to get some ideas for the Senior Citizens Group they are planning in their town. This is a very active group of oldsters and they certainly spend many happy hours together. This organization is one of the agencies of the United Community Fund and all senior citizens of any race, creed or color are invited to visit there,” suggesting that the spirit of the center was as vibrant during Vokes’ time �The article on the left from 1977 shows the groundbreaking of the Senior Center. The picture on the right is the sign welcoming seniors to the Senior Citizens Center of Saratoga Springs in its early years. �Robert J. Gass On March 21, 1976, Robert J. Gass was elected president of the board of directors at the Center. Robert Gass, a “life-long Saratoga Springs resident,” began working as a clerk of the City Council in 1934. He worked through nine mayors as an assistant Assessor from February of 1939 until June of 1972. Soon after he retired from the City Council, he came up with the idea for a new senior center, which was created and then named after him. Until his death in 1991, Gass made four monthly visits to the senior center acting as a liaison for the Assessor’s Office, and answered questions about the city government. �Frequent press publicity for the center Articles focused on the progression of the center as well as the way that the seniors were being affected by the center and what was happening. We have lots of articles about the center in the archive. �Activities and Classes The weekly routine of the center is something that the seniors have come to rely on. They know when their favorite classes are, and are excited to come in each week to participate in art and physical exercise classes, eat meals at the center, shoot pool, crochet, play cards, and much more. �Holidays and Celebrations Christmas festivals, among other holiday festivals, used to be big at the Center. The director of the Center mentioned that they replaced the festivals with monthly dinners. �Each year for a number of decades, the Center crowned its new king and queen. Though this tradition stood for decades, it doesn’t occur any more. �The Center and Technology From color television to video chatting from around the world, technology has vastly changed over the 60 years of the Center’s existence. It has been and continues to be an intergenerational connector between seniors and younger volunteers or relatives of members. Today, seniors can come to the center for technological support! �Future Projections/Goals ● Full 8-10 minute documentary ● Film more interviews ● Film public’s reaction to what a senior center is, and what their perceptions are ● Organize our history into chronological order ● Continue finding information on leadership �Thank you! Questions? � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data powerpoint presentation Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Radcliffe, Phoebe Ruben, Eli Thaler, Natasha Walker, Rebecca Wingate, Tracy Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Skidmore College, MDOCS, Skidmore-Saratoga Memory Project Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 16/6/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Senior Center 60th anniversary project plan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/2015 Description An account of the resource A presentation by Phoebe Radcliffe, Eli Ruben, Natasha Thaler, Rebecca Walker and Tracey Wingate with research conducted in the archive of the Senior Center and planning for a short documentary film to emerge from it. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/e117be41e17e8a6d5e38cdc3d5da0de4.jpg 01baab5a59c6a0dde8bce64de744d146 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/b2d23674ba8ba8fe60349204810c2168.m4a e3a73dd6e8216f0ecca8ec28c5601425 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/aad5143705f35bb29f45707859a67e1a.pdf 3d3f2244e7afcf4b97fd6f96b86cea02 PDF Text Text Millie Tan ‘77 Interview Log June 7, 2017 00:00:03 Class of 1977, from Jackson Heights, Queens, in New York City 00:00:12 Lives in Chapel Hill, North Carolina 00:00:23 Major in History and Minor in Secondary Education 00:00:40 An average week was a mix of classes, studying, and interactions with classmates of all classes 00:01:00 Lived in a co-ed dorm and remembers late night conversations 00:01:35 Remembers a long conversation on world hunger 00:03:50 First thought would be an English major until took a course with Tad Corroda who became mentor 00:02:50 Took courses in Philosophy and branched out in social sciences 00:06:00 Chinese-American parents didn’t read or write Chinese or English 00:06:40 Visited Skidmore, completely different than Queens 00:07:30 Insecure about inexperience to extracurricular that other students had 00:08:38 Skidmore allowed Millie to develop through professors and classmates 00:10:00 Weren’t many minorities, smattering of international students 00:13:00 Didn’t feel that there was much activism 00:14:04 Felt Skidmore was a bubble, everything was possible, little obstacles to make things happen 00:17:145 Social, interpersonal, building aspect had a long impact on Millie 00:18:40 Loves “Creative Thought Matters” 00:19:00 Strong believer in the liberal arts education 00:21:00 Regrets not studying abroad, thought wasn’t affordable 00:22:08 Feeling of serenity on campus 00:23:12 Worked in Dining Hall 00:25:20 At reunion, reconnecting with friends 00:30:50 Skidmore creates a community and hopes that continues   � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Rebecca Zosia Stern Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Millie Tan Location The location of the interview Skidmore College Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Rebecca Stern Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 26/06/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Millie Tan '77 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 07, 2017 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Skidmore Saratoga Memory Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Rebecca Zosia Stern '16 Language A language of the resource English (eng.) Alum Diversity History Jackson Heights North Carolina https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/8f70124767d172aa3e17c690b500df47.jpg bc04b252f635d2b92efea293f5de4f46 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/f6331293f1129a858107fdae8e9bd203.m4a 0cca97607c25e906806d1295487a4703 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/6482c638bef5b2281ec0f2094a24b280.pdf 50c34ea47498d565ca1efc2238ff5461 PDF Text Text Jonathan Zeidan ‘12 Interview Log June 6, 2017 00:00:00 Graduated in 2012 00:00:12 Double Majored in Business and Economics and Double Minored in Spanish and Honors 00:00:19 Involved in Student Government and Integrity Board 00:00:30 Lives in San Francisco, from Bay Area 00:00:41 Worked in for Kaiser Permanente and does internal consulting 00:01:07 Will get NBA in Fall at Northwester Kellogg School of Business 00:01:40 London Freshman at Skidmore, went recently traveling in Europe 00:02:02 Went to New Orleans with friends from Skidmore 00:03:00 Still involved with friends and network, core friends, friends I work with 00:03:20 Help other Skidmore alum with jobs 00:03:40 First time back at Skidmore 00:05:00 Student Government story, political discussions. Occupy Wall Street began, 00:05:40 For an Occupy Skidmore event, put on Throughbread costume 00:06:50 Started Thoroughthreads, an ironic humor clothing company with friends 00:07:12 Developed a business plan through major and worked with 5 local businesses 00:10:00 Terrence Blanchard spoke at Graduation 00:10:20 Blanchard was part of Freshman reading for Scribner Seminar 00:10:30 Spoke for Senior Class Gift at graduation 00:11:20 Intro to Business Class is memorable, MB107 with Professor D’abate 00:11:40 First time realized he was smart 00:12:20 Became an MB107 coach 00:12:51 Took a ballet class: Mind, Body & Spirit 00:15:03 Doesn’t miss small beds in dorms 00:15:50 Misses having friends that encourage you to do well and be well 00:16:30 Misses comradery in D-Hall (Dining Hall) 00:17:31 Notice physical changes on campus (ADA compliant walk way) 00:18:45 When a freshman, tried to absorb everything 00:20:00 Used stipend in London 00:21:15 Being Student Government President was meaningful as leader of peers 00:23:50 People come together when it “matters” in terms of political activism 00:24:30 Tensions regarding race relations 00:27:00 Students are transient � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Kira Hastings '17 Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Jonathan Zeidan Location The location of the interview Skidmore College Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Rebecca Stern Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 26/06/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Jonathan Zeidan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 06, 2017 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Skidmore Saratoga Memory Project Language A language of the resource English (eng.) Business & Management SGA SGA President Student Leader https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/e6112c467fd6d6fc0070e0c782d4708c.jpg ff4143e60812cce296b351aa308e9ee4 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/cb72d792baa4ce68ba7d8653fb31517d.wav a85dbe1e772cf2ef62d752aebd9f3fce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Cavicchi, Julia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Blackhurst, Kelly Location The location of the interview Skidmore College, Scribner Library, DocLab Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Dym, Jordana Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 07/10/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Kelly Blackhurst, '14 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 7, 2017 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. SSMP Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Kelly is currently the interim head field hockey coach at Denison University. She was a managament and business major. Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/1d3b00a42690890337d0c233ffc2261b.jpg 28fae9c3f949ea33590ed3370f1f9625 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/80900b752d2abee6c3495653b36e230b.wav b3376f3bb6413ff88c111b2af7eaef16 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Cavicchi, Julia Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed O'Brien, Brittany Location The location of the interview Skidmore College, Scribner Library, DocLab Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data audio recording Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Dym, Jordana Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 17/10/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Brittany O'Brien, 2011 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 7, 2017 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. SSMP Oral History Project Description An account of the resource Brittany, a psychology major at Skidmore, is currently working for ESPN. Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource audio recording https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/82676819845cedcc39bf08fe914f6bcc.mp3 237c9119e026eab284c9906ad36a128f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Mopsik, Jerome Mopsik, Emily Location The location of the interview Skidmore College, Scribner Library, DocLab Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Dym, Jordana Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 17/10/2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Emily and Jerome Mopsik (2007 and 2006) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 7, 2017 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. SSMP Alumni Oral History Project Language A language of the resource eng https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/63b20e424a47b44bcd9e0572ef47d3c5.jpg 33a5f9b3a8d8b05d1bb6aecfee69f0ca https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/4ddee173724d7a128ec25f3a9e485eaf.jpg 190e0212754c36ae9b33f74f540a2be4 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/a4d44b195d097f0c67a370ad32f3bd53.jpg 703de9d3a8d1ee8620f4fd06682c9c36 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/b155e136c2597b14677d5ab91e23f4f7.jpg 5ccb492bb1a870af2c37d88cd5854242 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hiking Trip Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kim, Troy Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photography Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 19/04/2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hiking Trip Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April, 19th Has Format A related resource that is substantially the same as the pre-existing described resource, but in another format. Digital Photograph MDOCS Principles of Documentary Spring 2018 This Place https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/86a0f6a2272ba46332d12f532f39e818.jpg c02287a75a75d766933f78de15bc116d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratogians Will Greet Amtrak RR Train Today Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/8/72 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource In an about-face yesterday, the Saratoga Springs Chamber expressed support of a New York State route of a state-mandated train service from New York to Montreal. The chamber authorized Executive Vice President Joseph W. Dalton Jr. to put together the symbols of the area's tourist attractions. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/27f8758ab60b88e70faca843309bba2d.jpg 998d1acb1a8691d07fb113652262712e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City gets funds for Greenbelt Trail Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/8/16 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource Many projects in the Capital Region are expected to benefit from funding announced by Gov. Andrew Cuomo on Thursday...$1.13 million - The City of Saratoga will construct its Greenbelt Trail Downtown Connector, incorporating cyclist, pedestrian, and transit improvements in an area starting at the corner of the Maple and Lake Avenue intersection extending to the eastern loop of Excelsior Avenue. Work will consist of preliminary and final engineering and construction. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/3287ba991b83780eab0f8e9f7134f470.jpg 99e06006be5d626178b035f51baea8d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trailways Alters Route Of Buses for Saratoga Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ND Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource Adirondack Trailways has rerouted its buses from Hamilton Street to Broadway, in response to a warning by the public safety department that the use of Hamilton Street is illegal. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/762acc4dde5db4f9be916a5a9a6037a1.jpg 19e31d4306d12079f11f61a7ec6813f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A&P Opens New Lot to Ease Downtown Parking Problem Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/11/57 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/d565dbcd20281c1de499069f71db446b.JPG 7169ad0586c8e6f07905d91c71cd4dc9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Planning Board Approves Lake Ave. Development, Water Line to Be Extended Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/17/49 Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/9e326d1fda0dae5618ad9bfa22875b9e.JPG b09e8d5053efd0335f5137dfb8ce55ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Housing Development Wins OK Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/19/49 Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Description An account of the resource The application of William H. Moran, local real estate dealer, before the Planning Board, for approval of a project for housing development along the east side of the Recreation Field, between Lake Ave. and Caroline St., apparently has been settled to the satisfaction of all concerned. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/37596ce4c2e97845442069a354945154.JPG 4c4440a4289c4c9f68539550b39aa1eb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Planning Unit Urges Low-Rent W. Side Housing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/27/55 Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Description An account of the resource Additional safe and sanitary housing of a low-rent character is 'necessary and desirable,' according to the Saratoga Springs Planning Board which, at a recent meeting proposed a second, 75 apartment project on the west side of Broadway, preferably in a location where old and dilapidated structures could be removed. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/ca87d3cc9130fe15d005224dd68da6b3.JPG 46f0834aaeafb9af3367fd159fb3cc28 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 66 Apartments Units Planned Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/21/69 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Description An account of the resource Plans for the construction of 66 garden-type apartments were accepted by the Planning Board Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/f50c859e58a54f8e8cce6fabe1d9dc44.jpg 7eb0358e2e19f488cf6f636e668a9aa0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Map Cartographic document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs Public Parking Map Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context SaratogaSprings, EnvironmentalJustice, Transportation Abstract A summary of the resource. Public Parking Map of downtown Saratoga Springs Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2005 https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/c33388c53e8ec9b463334cae33922b7a.jpg 88b08073d157640f14b69ed049ddad09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Map Cartographic document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Saratoga Springs and Excelsior Park Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1883 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Abstract A summary of the resource. Map of Saratoga Springs and Excelsior Park Subject The topic of the resource Transportation https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/0e3cf2e2c02ec4d4c27b9249d0bf0d76.pdf 089ed13273ef241e3fb61103985e266e PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Map Cartographic document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Downtown Saratoga Springs Parking Map Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource N/A Description An account of the resource Map of Parking Downtown Saratoga Springs https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/fd22abbf2dec4be3a9fa94714f4b4db3.jpg 3d614f426ce070088a45a16e71039534 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Description An account of the resource Many people who have worked or studied at Skidmore College or lived in Saratoga Springs or the surrounding area carry the memories that help us tell the stories of our communities. This collection offers a glimpse into our past in the voices of those who have shared their stories. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Dym, Jordana Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 22/02/2019 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 3 March 2016 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 03/03/2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Retiree Memory Project - Interviewing Photo. Renato Donato interviews Leo Geoffrion Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2016 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived SSMP Subject The topic of the resource oral history SSMP https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/ff7ba513404ff79fc5c744466bfdd38e.png 7386798d90ab498c58d1e4e1696e43c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing Memory Project cover photo https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/3fd4af62cbea2d8d261b878b4de07a15.png 80489fb4c80ce7ab2aa86d78c7f2c860 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photo Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Class of 1969 photo https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/52df29afd56efe50eef8855e11fffe2d.png 594c75dedd44cf43cbdc808d41c73178 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leaders of the Nursing Department Description An account of the resource Leaders in the Nursing Department. Agnes Gelinas pictured in the top right. Agnes Gelinas https://ssmp.skidmore.edu/files/original/c31122d117208028aceb57be3e129ee4.png 2fde39bdb300189ba7ad6d398842ed73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gelinas and student Gelinas Nursing